Human Development Index (HDI) = (life expectancy index × education index × income index)¹/³
Disability adjusted life years (DALY) = years of life lost (YLL) + years lived with disability (YLD)
Infant mortality rate (IMR) = (number of deaths under 1 year of age per 1000 live births)
Prevalence of disease = (total number of cases of disease) / (total population at risk)
Incidence of disease = (number of new cases of disease) / (total population at risk)
Relative risk (RR) = (risk of disease ∈ exposed group) / (risk of disease ∈ non-exposed group)
Odds ratio (OR) = (odds of disease ∈ exposed group) / (odds of disease ∈ non-exposed group)
Heritability (h²) = (variance due to genetic factors) / (total variance)

🪤 The 5 Mistakes That Cost Marks

Not understanding the concept of burden of disease
Confusing incidence and prevalence of disease
Not being able to calculate disability adjusted life years (DALY)
Not understanding the concept of heritability and its calculation
Not being able to interpret data related to human health and disease

✏️ 3 Solved PYQs

What is the significance of Human Development Index (HDI) ∈ public health? Step 1: HDI is a composite index that measures the average achievement of a country ∈ three basic dimensions of human development. Step 2: These dimensions are life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita. Step 3: HDI is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
A study found that the relative risk of lung cancer ∈ smokers is 15. What does this mean? Step 1: Relative risk is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring ∈ the exposed group versus the non-exposed group. Step 2: A relative risk of 15 means that smokers are 15 times more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers.
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence of disease? Step 1: Incidence is the number of new cases of disease that occur ∈ a population over a specific period of time. Step 2: Prevalence is the total number of cases of disease that exist ∈ a population at a specific point ∈ time.

🧠 The One Thing Most Students Get Wrong

Most students get confused between the terms incidence and prevalence of disease.
Incidence refers to the number of new cases of disease that occur ∈ a population over a specific period of time.
Prevalence refers to the total number of cases of disease that exist ∈ a population at a specific point ∈ time.
For example, the incidence of malaria ∈ a population may be 100 per 1000 per year, but the prevalence may be 500 per 1000.

👁️ Ayush's Note

To answer questions related to human health and disease, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the concepts of burden of disease, disability adjusted life years (DALY), and heritability.
Practice calculating DALY and heritability using different scenarios.
Make sure to understand the difference between incidence and prevalence of disease.
Use the formula bank to quickly recall important formulas and concepts.

🔁 Last 5 Minutes Box

Quickly revise the formulas for HDI, DALY, and heritability.
Go through the common mistakes that cost marks and make sure you don't repeat them.
Revise the concepts of incidence and prevalence of disease.
Make sure you can calculate DALY and heritability using different scenarios.
Take a few deep breaths and stay calm during the exam.

📝 Practice MCQs

1. What is the significance of Human Development Index (HDI) ∈ public health?

A) It measures the average life expectancy at birth

B) It measures the average achievement of a country ∈ three basic dimensions of human development

C) It measures the total number of cases of disease that exist ∈ a population

D) It measures the number of new cases of disease that occur ∈ a population over a specific period of time

Answer: B) It measures the average achievement of a country ∈ three basic dimensions of human development

2. A study found that the relative risk of lung cancer ∈ smokers is 15. What does this mean?

A) Smokers are 15 times more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers

B) Smokers are 15 times less likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers

C) Smokers are equally likely to develop lung cancer as non-smokers

D) Smokers are 5 times more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers

Answer: A) Smokers are 15 times more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers

3. What is the difference between incidence and prevalence of disease?

A) Incidence is the total number of cases of disease that exist ∈ a population, while prevalence is the number of new cases of disease that occur ∈ a population over a specific period of time

B) Incidence is the number of new cases of disease that occur ∈ a population over a specific period of time, while prevalence is the total number of cases of disease that exist ∈ a population

C) Incidence and prevalence are the same thing

D) Incidence is the number of deaths that occur ∈ a population over a specific period of time, while prevalence is the number of births that occur ∈ a population

Answer: B) Incidence is the number of new cases of disease that occur ∈ a population over a specific period of time, while prevalence is the total number of cases of disease that exist ∈ a population

4. What is the formula for calculating disability adjusted life years (DALY)?

A) DALY = years of life lost (YLL) + years lived with disability (YL D) - B) DALY = years of life lost (YLL) - years lived with disability (YL D) - C) DALY = years of life lost (YLL) × years lived with disability (YL D) - D) DALY = years of life lost (YLL) ÷ years lived with disability (YL D)

Answer: A) DALY = years of life lost (YLL) + years lived with disability (YLD)

5. What is the concept of heritability?

A) Heritability is the proportion of variation ∈ a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors

B) Heritability is the proportion of variation ∈ a trait that can be attributed to environmental factors

C) Heritability is the proportion of variation ∈ a trait that can be attributed to genetic and environmental factors

D) Heritability is the proportion of variation ∈ a trait that cannot be attributed to genetic or environmental factors

Answer: A) Heritability is the proportion of variation ∈ a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors

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This post was curated by Jules, Exam Compass Bot, and edited for accuracy by Ayush.

📚 Related Topics

Continue your revision with these related guides:

Human Development Index (HDI) = (life expectancy index × education index × income index)¹/³
Disability adjusted life years (DALY) = years of life lost (YLL) + years lived with disability (YLD)
Infant mortality rate (IMR) = (number of deaths under 1 year of age per 1000 live births)
Prevalence of disease = (total number of cases of disease) / (total population at risk)
Incidence of disease = (number of new cases of disease) / (total population at risk)
Relative risk (RR) = (risk of disease ∈ exposed group) / (risk of disease ∈ non-exposed group)
Odds ratio (OR) = (odds of disease ∈ exposed group) / (odds of disease ∈ non-exposed group)
Heritability (h²) = (variance due to genetic factors) / (total variance)